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Causas de la independencia

A comienzos del siglo XIX, y más en concreto entre 1808 y 1826, comenzó un proceso revolucionario en la América española. Esta situación terminó con la pérdida de casi todos territorios de ultramar por parte de España -se mantuvieron Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas- y la aparición de nuevos estados, como fue el caso de México, Colombia, Perú, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina y Paraguay. Además, algunos de ellos sufrirían escisiones posteriores, dando lugar al actual mapa político del continente.

Las principales causas de la independencia de los territorios de ultramar americanos fueron:

  • El descontento de la burguesía criolla. Ese grupo, formado por la élite social que, si bien había nacido en América, descendía de los españoles, no veía con buenos ojos que se les marginara a la hora de desempeñar altos cargos en la administración. De ahí su malestar al verse excluidos de la participación en el gobierno virreinal
  • Prohibición de comercio. Los criollos tenían prohibida la venta o comercialización de sus productos con otros países. Esto significaba un impedimento a la realización de transacciones internacionales y una fuerte imposición de cargas fiscales e impuestos. En definitiva, por todo lo comentado, la burguesía criolla no disponía de libertad económica.
  • Ideas ilustradas. Se extenderán por Hispanoamérica los principios de libertad e igualdad promovidos por la Revolución Francesa. También contaron con el ejemplo de la proclamación de la independencia de Estados Unidos en 1776.
  • Debilidad de la monarquía española. La Guerra de la Independencia, que supuso la pérdida de numerosas tropas y buques, así como la inestabilidad del reinado de Fernando VII, propiciaron el momento político perfecto para que se forjaran estos levantamientos a favor de la independencia. La sociedad de las colonias americanas se dividió entre realistas, que apoyaban a España, y patriotas, los partidarios de la independencia. 
Proclamación de la independencia de Perú por José de San Martín
Wikimedia Commons/Juan Lepiani. Proclamación de la independencia de Perú por José de San Martín (Dominio público)

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Observa las palabras, identifica y rellena las letras que faltan.

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Su navegador no es compatible con esta herramienta.